Neodymium (Nd-Fe-B) maginitondi maginito osowa padziko lapansi omwe amapangidwa ndi neodymium (Nd), iron (Fe), boron (B), ndi zitsulo zosinthira.Amachita bwino kwambiri pamagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa cha mphamvu ya maginito, yomwe ndi 1.4 teslas (T), gawo la maginito induction kapena flux density.
Maginito a Neodymium amagawidwa motengera momwe amapangidwira, omwe amapangidwa ndi sintered kapena kumangidwa.Akhala maginito omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyambira pomwe adapangidwa mu 1984.
M'chilengedwe chake, neodymium ndi ferromagnetic ndipo imatha kupangidwa ndi maginito pakatentha kwambiri.Ikaphatikizidwa ndi zitsulo zina, monga chitsulo, imatha kupangidwa ndi maginito kutentha kwachipinda.
Mphamvu zamaginito za maginito a neodymium zitha kuwoneka pachithunzi chakumanja.
Mitundu iwiri ya maginito osowa padziko lapansi ndi neodymium ndi samarium cobalt.Asanatulukire maginito a neodymium, maginito a samarium cobalt anali omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri koma adasinthidwa ndi maginito a neodymium chifukwa cha ndalama zopangira maginito a samarium cobalt.
Kodi Maginito a Neodymium ndi ati?
Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha maginito a neodymium ndi momwe alili amphamvu chifukwa cha kukula kwake.Mphamvu ya maginito ya neodymium maginito imachitika pamene mphamvu ya maginito imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo ma atomiki a dipoles amalumikizana, omwe ndi maginito a hysteresis loop.Mphamvu ya maginito ikachotsedwa, gawo lina la kuyanjanitsa limatsalira mu neodymium ya magnetized.
Magiredi a neodymium maginito amawonetsa mphamvu zawo zamaginito.Nambala ya girediyo ikakwera, mphamvu ya maginito imakhala yolimba.Manambalawa amachokera kuzinthu zawo zomwe zimawonetsedwa ngati mega gauss Oersteds kapena MGOe, yomwe ndi malo amphamvu kwambiri pa BH Curve yake.
Sikelo ya "N" imayambira pa N30 kupita ku N52, ngakhale maginito a N52 sagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri kapena amangogwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera.Nambala ya "N" ikhoza kutsatiridwa ndi zilembo ziwiri, monga SH, zomwe zimasonyeza kukakamiza kwa maginito (Hc).Kukwera kwa Hc, kumapangitsanso kutentha komwe maginito a neo amatha kupirira asanataye kutulutsa kwake.
Tchati chomwe chili pansipa chikulemba magiredi odziwika kwambiri a neodymium maginito omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano.
Katundu wa Neodymium Magnets
Remanence:
Pamene neodymium imayikidwa mu mphamvu ya maginito, dipoles za atomiki zimagwirizana.Pambuyo pochotsedwa m'munda, gawo lina la kuyanjanitsa limakhalabe likupanga magnetized neodymium.Remanence ndi kachulukidwe kakachulukidwe kamene kamakhalapo pomwe gawo lakunja likubwerera kuchokera pamtengo wokwanira kufika ku ziro, womwe ndi maginito otsalira.Kukwera kwa remanence, kumapangitsanso kuchuluka kwa flux.Maginito a Neodymium ali ndi makulidwe a 1.0 mpaka 1.4 T.
Kukhazikika kwa maginito a neodymium kumasiyana malinga ndi momwe amapangidwira.Maginito a Sintered neodymium ali ndi T ya 1.0 mpaka 1.4.Maginito a neodymium okhala ndi 0.6 mpaka 0.7 T.
Kukakamiza:
Neodymium ikapangidwa ndi maginito, sibwerera ku zero magnetization.Kuti ibwerere ku zero magnetization, iyenera kubwereranso ndi munda kumbali ina, yomwe imatchedwa coercivity.Katundu wa maginito ndi mphamvu yake yotha kupirira mphamvu ya maginito yakunja popanda kukhala ndi demagnetized.Coercivity ndi muyeso wa mphamvu yofunikira kuchokera ku mphamvu ya maginito kuti muchepetse magnetization ya maginito kubwerera ku ziro kapena kukana kwa maginito kuti awonongeke.
Kukakamiza kumayesedwa mu oersted kapena ampere mayunitsi olembedwa kuti Hc.Kukakamiza kwa maginito a neodymium kumadalira momwe amapangidwira.Maginito a neodymium a Sintered ali ndi coercivity ya 750 Hc mpaka 2000 Hc, pomwe maginito a neodymium ali ndi mphamvu ya 600 Hc mpaka 1200 Hc.
Mphamvu Zamagetsi:
Kachulukidwe ka mphamvu ya maginito imadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya maginito, yomwe ndi kuchuluka kwa maginito pagawo lililonse.Mayunitsi amayezedwa mu ma teslas a mayunitsi a SI ndi Gauss yake ndi chizindikiro cha kusalimba kwa flux kukhala B. Magnetic flux density ndi kuchuluka kwa maginito akunja H ndi maginito a maginito polarization J mu mayunitsi a SI.
Maginito osatha ali ndi B munda pachimake ndi zozungulira.Mayendedwe a mphamvu ya B field amachokera ku mfundo zamkati ndi kunja kwa maginito.Singano ya kampasi yomwe ili mugawo la B la maginito imadziloza kumene kumunda.
Palibe njira yosavuta yowerengera kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe a maginito.Pali mapulogalamu apakompyuta omwe amatha kuwerengera.Mafomu osavuta angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga ma geometries ovuta kwambiri.
Kuchuluka kwa maginito kumayesedwa mu Gauss kapena Teslas ndipo ndi muyeso wamba wa mphamvu ya maginito, yomwe ndi muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya maginito.Meta ya gauss imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kuchuluka kwa maginito.Kuchulukirachulukira kwa maginito a neodymium ndi 6000 Gauss kapena kuchepera chifukwa ili ndi mizere yowongoka ya demagnetization.
Kutentha kwa Curie:
Kutentha kwa curie, kapena curie point, ndi kutentha komwe zida zamaginito zimasintha maginito ake ndikukhala paramagnetic.Mu maginito zitsulo, ma atomu maginito amalumikizana mbali imodzi ndikulimbitsa mphamvu ya maginito.Kukweza kutentha kwa curie kumasintha dongosolo la ma atomu.
Kukakamiza kumawonjezeka pamene kutentha kumawonjezeka.Ngakhale maginito a neodymium ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa kutentha kwa chipinda, amatsika pamene kutentha kumakwera mpaka kufika kutentha kwa curie, komwe kungakhale pafupi ndi 320 ° C kapena 608 ° F.
Mosasamala kanthu kuti maginito a neodymium angakhale amphamvu bwanji, kutentha kwambiri kumatha kusintha maatomu awo.Kutentha kwanthawi yayitali kumatha kuwapangitsa kutaya mphamvu zawo zamaginito, zomwe zimayambira pa 80 ° C kapena 176 ° F.
Kodi Maginito a Neodymium Amapangidwa Bwanji?
Njira ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maginito a neodymium ndi zomangira komanso zomangira.Makhalidwe a maginito omalizidwa amasiyana malinga ndi momwe amapangidwira ndi sintering kukhala njira yabwino kwambiri panjira ziwirizi.
Momwe Maginito a Neodymium Amapangidwira
Sintering
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Kusungunuka:
Neodymium, Iron ndi Boron amayezedwa ndikuyikidwa mu ng'anjo ya vacuum induction kuti apange alloy.Zinthu zina zimawonjezedwa pamakalasi enieni, monga cobalt, mkuwa, gadolinium, ndi dysprosium kuti zithandizire kukana dzimbiri.Kutentha kumapangidwa ndi mafunde amagetsi amagetsi mu vacuum kuti zowononga zisalowe.Kusakaniza kwa neo alloy ndi kosiyana kwa wopanga aliyense ndi giredi ya neodymium maginito.
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Ufa:
Alloy yosungunuka imakhazikika ndikupangidwa kukhala ingots.Ma ingots amapangidwa ndi jeti mumlengalenga wa nayitrogeni ndi argon kuti apange ufa wa micron.Neodymium ufa amaikidwa mu hopper kuti akanikizire.
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Kukanikiza:
Ufawo umakanikizidwa mu ufa wokulirapo pang'ono kuposa mawonekedwe ofunidwa ndi njira yotchedwa kukhumudwitsa pa kutentha kwa pafupifupi 725 ° C. Mawonekedwe akuluakulu a imfa amalola kuchepa panthawi ya sintering.Panthawi yokakamiza, zinthuzo zimawonekera ku magnetic field.Imayikidwa mu kufa kwachiwiri kuti ikanikizidwe mu mawonekedwe okulirapo kuti agwirizane ndi magnetization ndikulowera kukanikizira.Njira zina zimaphatikizirapo zopangira kuti apange maginito maginito panthawi ya kukanikiza kuti tigwirizane ndi particles.
Maginito asanayambe kutulutsidwa, amalandira mphamvu ya demagnetizing kuti asiye maginito kuti apange maginito obiriwira, omwe amaphwanyidwa mosavuta komanso amakhala ndi mphamvu zowonongeka.
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Sintering:
Sintering, kapena frittage, imaphatikizana ndi kupanga maginito obiriwira pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha pansi pa malo ake osungunuka kuti ipangitse mphamvu yake yomaliza ya maginito.Njirayi imayang'aniridwa mosamala mumlengalenga, wopanda mpweya.Ma oxides amatha kuwononga maginito a neodymium.Imaponderezedwa pa kutentha kufika 1080 ° C koma pansi pa malo ake osungunuka kuti ikakamize tinthu kuti tigwirizane.
Kuzimitsa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti kuziziritsa mwachangu maginito ndikuchepetsa magawo, omwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya aloyi yomwe ili ndi maginito osowa.
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Makina:
Maginito opangidwa ndi sintered amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida za diamondi kapena waya kuti azitha kupirira bwino.
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Plating ndi zokutira:
Neodymium imatulutsa okosijeni mwachangu ndipo imakhala ndi dzimbiri, zomwe zimatha kuchotsa maginito ake.Monga chitetezo, amakutidwa ndi pulasitiki, faifi tambala, mkuwa, zinki, malata, kapena zokutira zina.
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Magnetization:
Ngakhale kuti maginito ali ndi njira ya magnetization, alibe maginito ndipo imayenera kuwonetsedwa mwachidule ndi mphamvu ya maginito, yomwe ndi waya wa waya wozungulira maginito.Magnetizing imaphatikizapo ma capacitor ndi ma voltage okwera kuti apange mphamvu yapano.
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Kuyanika komaliza:
Makina oyezera a digito amatsimikizira kukula kwake ndipo ukadaulo wa x-ray fluorescence umatsimikizira makulidwe a plating.Chophimbacho chimayesedwa m'njira zina kuti zitsimikizire ubwino wake ndi mphamvu zake.Mphepete mwa BH imayesedwa ndi graph hysteresis kuti atsimikizire kukulitsa kwathunthu.
Kugwirizana
Bonding, kapena compression bonding, ndi njira yopondereza yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kusakaniza kwa ufa wa neodymium ndi wothandizira epoxy.Kusakaniza ndi 97% maginito zakuthupi ndi 3% epoxy.
Kusakaniza kwa epoxy ndi neodymium kumakanikizidwa mu makina osindikizira kapena kutulutsidwa ndikuchiritsidwa mu uvuni.Popeza kusakaniza kumakanikizidwa mu kufa kapena kuyika kudzera mu extrusion, maginito amatha kupangidwa kukhala mawonekedwe ovuta komanso masinthidwe.Njira yolumikizirana yolumikizira imapanga maginito okhala ndi zololera zolimba ndipo safuna ntchito yachiwiri.
Maginito omangidwa ndi maginito ndi isotropic ndipo amatha kukhala ndi maginito mbali iliyonse, yomwe imaphatikizapo masanjidwe amitundu yambiri.Kumanga kwa epoxy kumapangitsa maginito kukhala olimba kuti agayidwe kapena kuwongoleredwa koma osabowoleredwa kapena kubowoleredwa.
Radial Sintered
Maginito a neodymium okhala ndi maginito ndi maginito atsopano pamsika wamaginito.Njira yopangira maginito oyendera ma radial yakhala ikudziwika kwa zaka zambiri koma sizinali zotsika mtengo.Zotukuka zaposachedwa zaukadaulo zathandizira kupanga maginito osavuta kupanga.
Njira zitatu zopangira maginito a neodymium opangidwa ndi ma radial ndi anisotropic pressure molding, hot pressing back back extrusion, ndi ma radial rotating field aignment.
Njira yopangira sintering imatsimikizira kuti palibe malo ofooka pamapangidwe a maginito.
Makhalidwe apadera a maginito omwe ali ndi maginito ndi momwe maginito amayendera, yomwe imadutsa mozungulira maginito.Mbali yakum'mwera ya maginito ili mkati mwa mphete, pamene kumpoto ili pamtunda wake.
Maginito a neodymium okhala ndi maginito ndi anisotropic ndipo amapangidwa ndi maginito kuchokera mkati mwa mphete kupita kunja.Radial magnetization imawonjezera mphamvu ya maginito ya mphete ndipo imatha kupangidwa m'njira zingapo.
Maginito a mphete a Radial neodymium atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma synchronous motors, ma stepping motors, ndi ma DC brushless motors pamagalimoto, makompyuta, zamagetsi, ndi kulumikizana.
Kugwiritsa ntchito maginito a Neodymium
Magnetic Separation Conveyors:
M'chiwonetsero chomwe chili pansipa, lamba wotumizira amakhala ndi maginito a neodymium.Maginitowa amapangidwa ndi mitengo yosinthasintha yomwe imayang'ana kunja zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azigwira mwamphamvu maginito.Zinthu zomwe sizimakopeka ndi maginito zimachoka, pomwe zida za ferromagnetic zimaponyedwa mu nkhokwe.
Ma hard disks:
Ma hard drive ali ndi mayendedwe ndi magawo okhala ndi maginito ma cell.Maselo amapangidwa ndi maginito pamene deta imalembedwa pagalimoto.
Zonyamula Gitala Zamagetsi:
Gitala yamagetsi imamva zingwe zogwedezeka ndikusintha siginecha kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi yopanda mphamvu kuti itumize ku chokulitsa ndi sipika.Magitala amagetsi amasiyana ndi magitala omvera omwe amakulitsa mawu awo mubokosi lopanda kanthu pansi pa zingwe.Magitala amagetsi amatha kukhala chitsulo cholimba kapena matabwa okhala ndi mawu okweza pakompyuta.
Chithandizo cha Madzi:
Maginito a Neodymium amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi kuti achepetse makulitsidwe kuchokera kumadzi olimba.Madzi olimba amakhala ndi mchere wambiri wa calcium ndi magnesium.Ndi maginito oyeretsera madzi, madzi amadutsa mumlengalenga kuti agwire makulitsidwe.Ukadaulowu sunavomerezedwe kwathunthu ngati wogwira ntchito.Pakhala zotulukapo zolimbikitsa.
Kusintha kwa Reed:
Kusintha kwa bango ndikusintha kwamagetsi komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi maginito.Iwo ali awiri kukhudzana ndi mabango zitsulo mu galasi envelopu.Zolumikizana ndi switch zimatsegulidwa mpaka maginito atsegulidwa.
Kusintha kwa bango kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina ngati zowunikira moyandikira zitseko ndi mazenera a ma alarm akuba komanso kutsimikizira kosokoneza.M'ma laputopu, ma switch a bango amayika laputopu m'malo ogona pomwe chivindikiro chatsekedwa.Ma kiyibodi a pedal a ziwalo za chitoliro amagwiritsa ntchito masiwichi a bango omwe ali mpanda wagalasi kuti atetezedwe ku dothi, fumbi, ndi zinyalala.
Sewing Magnets:
Kusoka kwa Neodymium mu maginito kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maginito pazikwama, zovala, ndi zikwatu kapena zomangira.Maginito osokera amagulitsidwa awiriawiri pomwe maginito amodzi amakhala a+ ndi ena a-.
Maginito a Denture:
Ma mano a mano amatha kugwiridwa ndi maginito omwe ali m'nsagwada za wodwala.Maginito amatetezedwa ku dzimbiri ku malovu ndi plating zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Ceramic titaniyamu nitride imagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa abrasion komanso kuchepetsa kukhudzana ndi faifi tambala.
Zitseko za Magnetic:
Zitseko zamaginito ndi malo oyimitsira omwe amatsegula chitseko.Chitsekocho chimatseguka, kukhudza maginito, ndipo chimakhala chotseguka mpaka chitseko chichotsedwe ndi maginito.
Zodzikongoletsera Zodzikongoletsera:
Zovala zodzikongoletsera za maginito zimabwera ndi magawo awiri ndipo amagulitsidwa ngati awiri.Theka ili ndi maginito m'nyumba ya zinthu zopanda maginito.Chingwe chachitsulo kumapeto chimamangirira unyolo wa chibangili kapena mkanda.Zomanga za maginito zimakwanira mkati mwazinzake ndikuletsa kuyenda kwa mbali ndi mbali kapena kumeta ubweya pakati pa maginito kuti agwire mwamphamvu.
Olankhula:
Oyankhula amasintha mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala mphamvu zamakina kapena kuyenda.Mphamvu zamakina zimapondereza mpweya ndikutembenuza kusuntha kukhala mphamvu yamawu kapena kuthamanga kwa mawu.Mphamvu yamagetsi, yomwe imatumizidwa kudzera pa koyilo yawaya, imapanga mphamvu ya maginito mu maginito omwe amamangiriridwa ku sipika.Koyilo ya mawu imakopeka ndikuthamangitsidwa ndi maginito okhazikika, omwe amapanga chulucho, cholumikizira cha mawu chimamangiriridwa, kusunthira mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo.Kuyenda kwa cones kumapanga mafunde amphamvu omwe amamveka ngati phokoso.
Anti-Lock Brake Sensors:
M'mabuleki oletsa loko, maginito a neodymium amakutidwa mkati mwa makola amkuwa mumasensa a brake.Anti-lock braking system imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mawilo ndikuchepetsa kuthamanga powongolera kuthamanga kwa mzere womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa brake.Zizindikiro zowongolera, zopangidwa ndi wowongolera ndikuyika pagawo lowongolera ma brake, zimatengedwa kuchokera ku masensa othamanga.
Mano omwe ali pa mphete ya sensa amazungulira modutsa sensa ya maginito, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa polarity ya mphamvu ya maginito yomwe imatumiza chizindikiro chafupipafupi ku liwiro la angular la axle.Kusiyanitsa kwa chizindikiro ndiko kuthamanga kwa mawilo.
Malingaliro a Magnet a Neodymium
Monga maginito amphamvu komanso amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi, maginito a neodymium amatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zowononga.Ndikofunika kuti asamalidwe bwino poganizira zovulaza zomwe angayambitse.M'munsimu muli kufotokozera za zovuta zina za maginito a neodymium.
Zotsatira Zoipa za Neodymium Magnets
Kuvulala Kwathupi:
Maginito a Neodymium amatha kulumpha pamodzi ndikutsina khungu kapena kuvulaza kwambiri.Amatha kudumpha kapena kudumpha palimodzi kuchokera mainchesi angapo mpaka mamita angapo motalikirana.Ngati chala chili m'njira, chikhoza kuthyoledwa kapena kuvulazidwa kwambiri.Maginito a Neodymium ndi amphamvu kwambiri kuposa maginito amitundu ina.Mphamvu yodabwitsa kwambiri yomwe ili pakati pawo nthawi zambiri imakhala yodabwitsa.
Kuphulika kwa Magnet:
Maginito a Neodymium ndi ophwanyika ndipo amatha kusenda, tchipisi, kusweka kapena kusweka ngati agundana, zomwe zimatumiza tizitsulo tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono touluka mwachangu kwambiri.Maginito a Neodymium amapangidwa ndi zinthu zolimba, zolimba.Ngakhale kuti amapangidwa ndi chitsulo, komanso kukhala ndi maonekedwe onyezimira, achitsulo, sakhala olimba.Chitetezo cha maso chiyenera kuvalidwa pochigwira.
Khalani Kutali ndi Ana:
Maginito a Neodymium si zoseweretsa.Ana sayenera kuloledwa kuwagwira.Zing'onozing'ono zingakhale zoopsa zotsamwitsa.Ngati maginito angapo amezedwa, amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake kudzera m'makoma amatumbo, zomwe zingayambitse zovuta zaumoyo, zomwe zimafuna opaleshoni yachangu, yachangu.
Kuopsa kwa Pacemakers:
Mphamvu yakumunda ya gauss khumi pafupi ndi pacemaker kapena defibrillator imatha kulumikizana ndi chipangizo choyikidwa.Maginito a Neodymium amapanga maginito amphamvu, omwe amatha kusokoneza ma pacemaker, ma ICD, ndi zida zamankhwala zobzalidwa.Zida zambiri zobzalidwa zimazima zikakhala pafupi ndi mphamvu ya maginito.
Maginito Media:
Mphamvu zamaginito zochokera ku neodymium maginito zimatha kuwononga maginito monga ma floppy disks, ma kirediti kadi, ma ID maginito, matepi a makaseti, matepi a kanema, kuwononga ma TV akale, ma VCR, zowonera makompyuta, ndi zowonera za CRT.Siziyenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi zida zamagetsi.
Mafoni ndi GPS:
Minda yamagetsi imasokoneza makampasi kapena ma magnetometer ndi makampasi amkati amafoni ndi zida za GPS.International Air Transport Association ndi malamulo ndi malamulo a US Federal amakhudza kutumiza maginito.
Nickel Allergy:
Ngati muli ndi ziwengo za nickel, chitetezo cha mthupi chimalakwitsa nickel ngati cholowa chowopsa ndikupanga mankhwala othana nacho.Matupi a nickel ndi kufiira ndi zotupa pakhungu.Matenda a Nickel amapezeka kwambiri mwa amayi ndi atsikana.Pafupifupi, 36 peresenti ya amayi, osakwana zaka 18, amakhala ndi ziwengo.Njira yopewera ziwengo za nickel ndikupewa maginito okhala ndi nickel neodymium.
Demagnetization:
Maginito a Neodymium amakhalabe ndi mphamvu mpaka 80° C kapena 175° F. Kutentha kumene amayamba kutaya mphamvu kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kalasi, mawonekedwe, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Zoyaka:
Maginito a Neodymium sayenera kubowoleredwa kapena kupangidwa ndi makina.Fumbi ndi ufa wopangidwa ndi mphesa zimatha kuyaka.
Kuwononga:
Maginito a Neodymium amamalizidwa ndi zokutira kapena zokutira kuti awateteze ku zinthu.Siziteteza madzi ndipo zimachita dzimbiri kapena dzimbiri zikayikidwa m'malo amvula kapena amvula.
Miyezo ndi Malamulo Ogwiritsa Ntchito Magnet a Neodymium
Ngakhale maginito a neodymium ali ndi mphamvu ya maginito, ndi olimba kwambiri ndipo amafuna kugwiridwa mwapadera.Mabungwe angapo owunikira mafakitale apanga malamulo okhudza kasamalidwe, kupanga, ndi kutumiza kwa maginito a neodymium.Kufotokozera mwachidule za malamulo ochepa omwe ali pansipa.
Miyezo ndi Malamulo a Neodymium Magnets
American Society of Mechanical Engineers:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) ili ndi miyezo ya Below-The-Hook Lifting Devices.Standard B30.20 imagwira ntchito pakuyika, kuyang'anira, kuyesa, kukonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zonyamulira, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kukweza maginito pomwe woyendetsa amayika maginito pa katundu ndikuwongolera katundu.ASME muyezo BTH-1 amagwiritsidwa ntchito molumikizana ndi ASME B30.20.
Kusanthula Zowopsa ndi Zowongolera Zowopsa:
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) ndi njira yodziwikiratu padziko lonse lapansi yopewera ngozi.Imawunika chitetezo chazakudya ku zoopsa zazachilengedwe, zamankhwala, ndi zakuthupi pofuna kuzindikira ndikuwongolera zoopsa pamalo ena popanga.Imapereka chiphaso cha zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opangira zakudya.HACCP yazindikira ndikutsimikizira maginito ena olekanitsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani azakudya.
United States Department of Agriculture:
Zipangizo zolekanitsa maginito zavomerezedwa ndi dipatimenti ya zaulimi ku United States of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service kuti zikugwirizana kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mapulogalamu awiri okonza chakudya:
- Pulogalamu Yowunikira Zida Zamkaka
- Pulogalamu Yowunikanso Zida Zanyama ndi Nkhuku
Zitsimikizo zimatengera miyezo kapena malangizo awiri:
- Kupanga Kwaukhondo ndi Kupanga Zida Zopangira Mkaka
- Kupanga Kwaukhondo ndi Kupanga Zida Zopangira Nyama ndi Nkhuku zomwe zimakwaniritsa NSF/ANSI/3-A SSI 14159-1-2014 Zofunika Zaukhondo
Kuletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zowopsa:
Malamulo Oletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zowopsa (RoHS) amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito lead, cadmium, polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), mercury, hexavalent chromium, ndi polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) retardants lamoto pazida zamagetsi.Popeza maginito a neodymium amatha kukhala owopsa, RoHS yakhazikitsa miyezo yoyendetsera ndikugwiritsa ntchito.
International Civil Aviation Organisation:
Maginito atsimikiza kukhala owopsa kwa kutumiza kunja kwa Continental United States kupita kumayiko ena.Zinthu zilizonse zopakidwa, zotumizidwa ndi mpweya, ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu ya maginito ya 0.002 Gauss kapena kupitilira apo pamtunda wa mapazi asanu ndi awiri kuchokera pamalo aliwonse pamwamba pa phukusi.
Federal Aviation Administration:
Maphukusi okhala ndi maginito omwe amatumizidwa ndi mpweya ayenera kuyesedwa kuti akwaniritse zomwe zakhazikitsidwa.Phukusi la maginito liyenera kuyeza zosakwana 0.00525 gauss pa 15 mapazi kuchokera phukusi.Maginito amphamvu ndi amphamvu ayenera kukhala ndi chitetezo chamtundu wina.Pali malamulo ndi zofunikira zambiri zomwe ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa potumiza maginito ndi ndege chifukwa cha zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pachitetezo.
Kuletsa, Kuunika, Kuvomerezeka kwa Mankhwala:
Restriction, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) ndi bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili m'gulu la European Union.Imawongolera ndikukhazikitsa miyezo yazinthu zowopsa.Lili ndi zolemba zingapo zomwe zimafotokoza kagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera, kagwiridwe, ndi kupanga maginito.Zambiri mwazolembazo zimanena za kugwiritsa ntchito maginito pazida zamankhwala ndi zida zamagetsi.
Mapeto
- Maginito a Neodymium (Nd-Fe-B), omwe amadziwika kuti neo magnets, ndi maginito osowa padziko lapansi opangidwa ndi neodymium (Nd), iron (Fe), boron (B), ndi zitsulo zosinthira.
- Njira ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maginito a neodymium ndi zomangira komanso zomangira.
- Maginito a Neodymium akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamitundu yambiri ya maginito.
- Mphamvu ya maginito ya neodymium maginito imachitika pamene mphamvu ya maginito imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo ma atomiki a dipoles amalumikizana, omwe ndi maginito a hysteresis loop.
- Maginito a Neodymium amatha kupangidwa mu kukula kulikonse koma amakhalabe ndi mphamvu zawo zoyambira maginito.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-11-2022