Maginito ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi zimene zagwira maganizo a anthu kwa zaka zambiri. Kuyambira ku Agiriki akale mpaka asayansi amakono, anthu akhala akuchita chidwi ndi mmene maginito amagwirira ntchito komanso mmene maginito amagwirira ntchito. Maginito osatha ndi mtundu wa maginito omwe amasungabe mphamvu zake za maginito ngakhale palibe mphamvu yamagetsi yakunja. Tidzafufuza sayansi yomwe ili kumbuyo kwa maginito osatha ndi maginito, kuphatikiza kapangidwe kake, mawonekedwe, ndi magwiridwe antchito.
Gawo 1: Kodi Magnetism ndi chiyani?
Magnetism amatanthauza katundu wakuthupi wa zinthu zina zomwe zimawalola kukopa kapena kuthamangitsa zinthu zina ndi mphamvu ya maginito. Zidazi zimanenedwa kuti ndi maginito kapena zimakhala ndi maginito.
Zida zamaginito zimadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa madera a maginito, omwe ndi madera osawoneka bwino momwe maginito a ma atomu amalumikizana. Madomeniwa akalumikizidwa bwino, amapanga mphamvu ya maginito ya macroscopic yomwe imatha kuzindikirika kunja kwa zinthuzo.
Zida zamaginito zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: ferromagnetic ndi paramagnetic. Zida za Ferromagnetic zimakhala ndi maginito kwambiri, ndipo zimaphatikizapo chitsulo, faifi tambala, ndi cobalt. Amatha kusunga mphamvu zawo zamaginito ngakhale kulibe mphamvu yamagetsi yakunja. Zida za paramagnetic, kumbali ina, ndizochepa maginito ndipo zimaphatikizapo zinthu monga aluminiyamu ndi platinamu. Amangowonetsa mphamvu ya maginito pamene akukhudzidwa ndi mphamvu yakunja ya maginito.
Magnetism imagwira ntchito zambiri pamoyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, kuphatikiza ma mota amagetsi, ma jenereta, ndi ma transfoma. Zipangizo zamaginito zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazida zosungiramo data monga ma hard drive, komanso matekinoloje oyerekeza azachipatala monga imaging resonance imaging (MRI).
Gawo 2: Magnetic Fields
Maginito ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya maginito ndipo amafotokoza dera lozungulira maginito kapena waya wonyamula pakali pano pomwe mphamvu ya maginito imatha kuzindikirika. Minda imeneyi ndi yosaoneka, koma zotsatira zake zikhoza kuwonedwa kudzera mu kayendedwe ka maginito kapena kugwirizana pakati pa maginito ndi magetsi.
Maginito amapangidwa ndi kayendedwe ka magetsi a magetsi, monga kutuluka kwa ma electron mu waya kapena kupota kwa ma electron mu atomu. Mayendedwe ndi mphamvu za maginito zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kayendetsedwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka ndalamazi. Mwachitsanzo, mu bar maginito, mphamvu ya maginito imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri pamitengo ndi yofooka kwambiri pakati, ndipo mayendedwe a munda amachokera kumpoto kupita kumwera.
Mphamvu ya mphamvu ya maginito nthawi zambiri imayesedwa ndi mayunitsi a tesla (T) kapena gauss (G), ndipo momwe gawolo lingathe kufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo lakumanja, lomwe limati ngati chala chachikulu cha dzanja lamanja chiloza. mayendedwe apano, ndiye zala zidzapiringa molunjika ku mphamvu ya maginito.
Maginito a maginito ali ndi ntchito zambiri, kuphatikizapo ma motors ndi jenereta, makina a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ndi zipangizo zosungiramo deta monga ma hard drive. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zasayansi ndi uinjiniya, monga ma particle accelerators ndi maginito levitation train.
Kumvetsetsa momwe maginito amagwirira ntchito ndikofunikira pamagawo ambiri ophunzirira, kuphatikiza ma electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, ndi sayansi yazinthu.
Gawo 3: Kupanga Maginito Okhazikika
Maginito okhazikika, omwe amadziwikanso kuti "maginito osatha" kapena "maginito osatha," nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kuphatikiza kwa ferromagnetic kapena ferrimagnetic. Zidazi zimasankhidwa chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kusunga mphamvu ya maginito, zomwe zimawalola kupanga mphamvu ya maginito yosasinthasintha pakapita nthawi.
Zida zodziwika bwino za ferromagnetic zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maginito okhazikika ndi chitsulo, faifi tambala, ndi cobalt, zomwe zimatha kuphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina kuti ziwongolere maginito. Mwachitsanzo, maginito a neodymium ndi mtundu wa maginito osowa padziko lapansi omwe amapangidwa ndi neodymium, chitsulo, ndi boron, pomwe maginito a samarium cobalt amapangidwa ndi samarium, cobalt, chitsulo, ndi mkuwa.
Mapangidwe a maginito okhazikika amathanso kutengera zinthu monga kutentha komwe angagwiritsire ntchito, mphamvu zomwe akufuna komanso momwe maginito amagwirira ntchito, komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, maginito ena apangidwa kuti azitha kupirira kutentha kwambiri, pamene ena amapangidwa kuti azipanga mphamvu ya maginito yopita kumene kukupitako.
Kuphatikiza pa zida zawo zoyambira maginito, maginito okhazikika amathanso kuphatikiza zokutira kapena zotchingira zoteteza kuti zisawonongeke kapena kuwonongeka, komanso kupanga ndi kupanga makina kuti apange mawonekedwe ndi makulidwe ake kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mosiyanasiyana.
Gawo 4: Mitundu ya Maginito Okhazikika
Maginito osatha amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu ingapo kutengera kapangidwe kawo, maginito, komanso momwe amapangira. Nayi mitundu yodziwika bwino ya maginito okhazikika:
1.Neodymium maginito: Maginito osowa padziko lapansi awa amapangidwa ndi neodymium, iron, ndi boron, ndipo ndi maginito amphamvu kwambiri omwe alipo. Amakhala ndi mphamvu zamaginito kwambiri ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ma mota, ma jenereta, ndi zida zamankhwala.
2.Samarium cobalt maginito: Maginito osowa padziko lapansi awa amapangidwa ndi samarium, cobalt, chitsulo, ndi mkuwa, ndipo amadziwika chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu monga mlengalenga ndi chitetezo, komanso m'magalimoto ochita bwino kwambiri ndi ma jenereta.
3.Ferrite maginito: Amadziwikanso kuti maginito a ceramic, maginito a ferrite amapangidwa ndi zinthu za ceramic zosakanikirana ndi iron oxide. Ali ndi mphamvu ya maginito yocheperako kuposa maginito osowa padziko lapansi, koma ndi otsika mtengo komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu monga okamba, ma mota, ndi maginito a firiji.
Maginito a 4.Alnico: Maginitowa amapangidwa ndi aluminiyamu, nickel, ndi cobalt, ndipo amadziwika chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo za maginito komanso kutentha kwa kutentha. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale monga masensa, mita, ndi ma mota amagetsi.
5.Maginito opangidwa ndi maginito: Maginitowa amapangidwa ndi kusakaniza ufa wa maginito ndi binder, ndipo akhoza kupangidwa mu mawonekedwe ovuta ndi kukula kwake. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati masensa, zida zamagalimoto, ndi zida zamankhwala.
Kusankhidwa kwa mtundu wa maginito okhazikika kumatengera zomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikiza mphamvu yamaginito yofunikira, kukhazikika kwa kutentha, mtengo, ndi zovuta zopanga.
Gawo 5: Kodi Maginito Amagwira Ntchito Motani?
Maginito amagwira ntchito popanga mphamvu ya maginito yomwe imalumikizana ndi zinthu zina zamaginito kapena mafunde amagetsi. Mphamvu ya maginito imapangidwa ndi kulumikizika kwa maginito muzinthu, zomwe zimakhala zazing'ono kumpoto ndi kumwera zomwe zimapanga mphamvu ya maginito.
Mu maginito okhazikika, monga maginito a bar, maginito a maginito amayendera njira inayake, kotero mphamvu ya maginito imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri pamitengo ndi yofooka kwambiri pakati. Ikayikidwa pafupi ndi chinthu cha maginito, mphamvu ya maginito imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pa chinthucho, mwina kuchikoka kapena kuchibweza malinga ndi momwe maginito amayendera.
Mu maginito amagetsi, mphamvu ya maginito imapangidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikuyenda kudzera pa waya. Mphamvu yamagetsi imapanga mphamvu ya maginito yomwe imakhala yozungulira kutsogolo kwa kayendedwe kameneka, ndipo mphamvu ya maginito imatha kuwongoleredwa mwa kusintha kuchuluka kwa zomwe zikuchitika panopa. Ma electromagnets amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu monga ma mota, okamba, ndi ma jenereta.
Kulumikizana pakati pa maginito ndi mafunde amagetsi ndi maziko a ntchito zambiri zaukadaulo, kuphatikiza ma jenereta, ma transfoma, ndi ma mota amagetsi. Mu jenereta, mwachitsanzo, kuzungulira kwa maginito pafupi ndi koyilo ya waya kumapangitsa mphamvu yamagetsi muwaya, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi. Mu injini yamagetsi, kuyanjana pakati pa mphamvu ya maginito ya injiniyo ndi mphamvu yomwe ikuyenda kudzera mu koyilo ya waya imapanga torque yomwe imayendetsa kuzungulira kwa injiniyo.
Malinga ndi chikhalidwe ichi, titha kupanga dongosolo lapadera la maginito kuti splicing kulimbikitsa mphamvu ya maginito pamalo apadera panthawi ya ntchito, monga Halbeck.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-24-2023